Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England :: European Europe History

Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England The issue of childhood mortality is written into the works of Gaskell and Dickens with alarming regularity. In Mary Barton, Alice tells Mary and Margaret that before Will was orphaned, his family had buried his six siblings. There is also the death of the Wilson twins, as well as Tom Barton's early death --an event which inspires his father John to fight for labor rights because he's certain his son would have survived if he'd had better food. In Oliver Twist, Dick's early death is typical of workhouse children who never recover from years of chronic malnutrition. And in Dombey and Son, Paul demonstrates that wealth does not guarantee longevity, as we watch him steadily weakened by some mysterious illness. Evidence is everywhere that Gaskell, Dickens, and many of their contemporaries, used fiction to chronicle a sad fact of l9th century life: Many children didn't live to become adults. At the Newell Historical Burial ground in Attleboro, the stone marking the graves of the Stanley family indicates that three children were either stillborn or died before their first birthdays. If there were any other children who survived childhood, they were probably daughters who were buried in their husbands' family plots. A typical grave from the mid-19th century is a husband's stone flanked by two or even three wives each but the last having died in her 20s or 30s. Certainly many of these women died in childbirth, because their death dates match the birth dates on the children's stones. Several children might be named after the father. In one family plot with eight children, three were named John because only the third one survived the first year. ApE time when the death of a toddler was as normal as this practice was quite common in both America and England. While all of Dombey's money couldn't save his son from dying, little Paul's diet, lifestyle, and medical attention gave him every advantage available. The relationship between poverty and childhood mortality is unmistakable. In Boston's Irish Catholic slums, Lemuel Shattuck found that between 1841 and 1845, 61% of the population died before the age of five. (Woodham-Smith, p. 252) Poor English children didn't fare any particularly in the manufacturing towns of London, Sheffield, Leocester, Manchester, and Liverpool. Statistics from the Sheffield General Infirmary' between 1837 and 1842 reveal that of 11,944 deaths, half were children under age five:

Develop positive relationships Essay

You Assessor will observe these Standards in your place of work. Why is having a positive relationship with children and young people important 1.1 Working with children requires us to build relationships with them quickly, but also in ways that are professional. Building and maintaining positive relationships- the quality of relationships that we have with children and young people has a huge effect on the way in which we can work with them. Positive relationships with children and young people is important because when children feel comfortable with us they can separate more easily from their parents, children are more likely to participate in the play and learning activities if they are secure emotionally, when children have strong relationships, they are less likely to show unwanted behaviour as we can recognise and meet their needs, childrens language develops more quickly because they feel comfortable talking to us, practitioners can plan more accurately as they understand childrens development needs and know their interests, practitioners are able to respond to children more effectively because they can recognise thei r expressions and emotions. Explain how you build and maintain positive relationships with children and young people 1.1 Communicating effectively- one of the most important aspects of building a relationship is to find ways of communicating effectively. Communication is not just about words it is also about our facial expressions, body language and gestures. Identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements- groups of children, like adults will have disagreements. As children become older these can become more serious and are not simply squabbles. In order for children and young people to trust us, it is important that we can identify difficulties and help them wherever possible to find ways through them. It is important that children and young people perceive our way of doing this as fair. Being consistent and fair- children and young people rely on us. This means that it is essential day after day we are consistent. Consistency means not just keeping behavioural boundaries in place, but also making sure that we do not have significant mood swings, for example, one day been excitable and fu nny and the next being quiet and withdrawn. Children also need to know that we will be fair with them. We will listen to what they have to say before jumping to conclusions and we will try to make sure that their needs are taking into consideration. Fairness is also  something that adults need as well. Parents will want to see that the way their family is being treated is comparable with others, while staff members need to feel that their work place is a fair one where everyone is expected to pull their weight. Showing respect and courtesy- children and young people will need to receive respect and courtesy from us in order that they can extend these skills to others. From the earliest age we should be using markers of respect in English such as saying please and thank you. We should always speak to children and young people using voice tones that are warm and courteous. Principles of relationship building . communicating effectively . identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements . being consistent and fair . showing respect and courtesy . valuing and respecting individuals . keeping promises and honouring commitments . monitoring impact of own behaviour on others . keeping confidentiality as appropriate . recognisi ng and responding appropriately to the power base underpinning relationships Babies for instance, they need comfort and bonding time with their key person. Spending time with a baby not only playing, but simple gestures as cuddling, rocking, soothing and singing. Also, when you are changing their nappy or feeding them. This time is precious as you have direct contact with the child. You can talk and show affection by making faces, by touch and laughing. It is important to give them eye contact. This time is sometimes more important than planned activities. Toddlers also need the same comfort of cuddles and taking time to just talk to them and again give them eye contact and special moments that make them feel individual which can be sometimes lost in a setting with more than one child. It is important to be consistent with routines and discipline so that a child can feel safe and secure. Also, to keep promises. If a child is promised that tomorrow or later that day we can read a special book that they have bought with them, then we must do so. Explain why it is important to have a positive relationship with the people involved in the care of children and young people 2.1 The professional and positive relationships we develop will ensure that good communication is possible in order to support the needs of children and their families. Where we do not have strong relationships, there is a danger that information may be passed inaccurately or that it is withheld because we may not be not trusted. This Has to be taken seriously as, over the past few year, some child deaths  have occurred because people caring for children have not worked properly together where parents are concerned, it is essential that we build positive relationships so that we can work closely together to benefit there child in a variety of ways. This should include settling the child in, sharing development information and also learning about childrens interests. Benefits of positive relationships .information can be shared quickly between adults .children are given consistent care .childrens interests and needs are identify .plans for childrens care and education are more effective . childrens welfare can be properly monitored . skills and ideas can be shared Evaluate your strengths and effectiveness with building relationships with children and young people. 1.3 The great thing about children and young people is they are all different. This means that we need to adapt the way in which we approach and communicate with them according to their age/stage of development needs and personality. Not so long ago some adults working with two children of exactly the same age would have expected them to respond in similar ways, and a child who did not respond as the adult expected might have been seen as shy, sullen or even difficult. Today it is appreciated that it is more appropriate for the adults to change the way in which they work, rather than condemn the child. An important starting point is therefor to consider how effective our relationships with children and young people are. Interestingly some tell-tale indicators of the strength of our relationships with children and young people can be seen through some everyday activities.

QVC Vision Statement

External forces of competition affect all companies and the television shopping industry is no different. There are many forces than can be grouped into a few categories: economic, socio-cultural, technological, and political-legal. These forces have had a major impact on the television shopping industry. QVC’s ability to understand their environment and adapt have helped them achieve success. Under economic forces, competition is a major component. The barrier for entry is low, so there is always the threat of new businesses.Substitute products also directly compete with QVC’s products and customer dollars. Other potent forces are changes in the supply chain. QVC must constantly be on the lookout for new products, while maintaining good relations and contracts with existing suppliers. The rate of growth of the economy will affect consumer spending which directly relates to QVC’s goods sold. Inflation is always relevant and can cut into a company’s bottom line. Socio-cultural forces are extremely important to QVC and the television shopping industry.Consumer preference and trends are vital to a company trying to meet the needs of its customers. QVC has adapted to recent trends by promoting its cosmetics, apparel, food, and toys heavily. QVC also has to consider what will attract customers to their channel. They incorporated the reality T. V. craze into their programming and it helped attract viewers and customers. QVC’s in-show appearance of designers has capitalized on designer’s current popularity.Other forces like growing health consciousness, and changing household composition, will be important factors for QVC as they try to understand their customers and improve their shopping experience. Technological forces are important to the television shopping industry for many reasons. In the internal environment, new technology can help improve infrastructure, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. The consumer’s con venience of purchase is crucial to people who shop off of their couches. Harnessing new technology will also help QVC stay in touch with the customer.With the evolution of mobile browsing, social media, and other media outlets, these forces represent a large opportunity to communicate with customers. Technological forces are also important to the shopping industry because firms will look to stay up-to-date on the latest products. If QVC can identify the next iPod-like product then they will reap the benefits of a massive consumer response. Finally, political-legal forces represent laws and regulations to the television shopping industry.There will always be laws and regulations in place that affect the manner in which a company does business. From QVC’s standpoint, they might need to follow certain protocol when describing payment options, or product specifications. Industry regulations are generally in position to protect the customer, which aligns well with QVC’s no hidden fees policy. QVC’s honesty with their customers will bolster their reputation and help them operate well within the guidelines set by the government.