Was ethnicity the cause of the Rwandan genocide Essay

Was ethnicity the cause of the Rwandan genocide - Essay Example This has not been possible owing to the fact that political stability has progressively been shaken by the shaky political regimes in many of the countries. Rwanda is a country that has deep marks of ethnic violence that was fuelled by political propaganda. The 1994 genocide was orchestrated by the rivalry of the country’s ethnic communities. The ‘Hutu’ and the ‘Tutsi’ ethnic rivalry, sparkled by the political regimes of that time flamed a historical genocide that is yet to heal, two decades down the line since it ended. The role of ruling any government in integrating a nation regardless of its diverse multi-ethnic groups is significant although this has hardly been witnessed in Africa’s political leadership. The leaders when elected are offered the power to construct or destroy and seemingly bringing down a state that has been built for years is quite a simple task. It only takes some propaganda from a ‘charismatic’ leader to provoke and incite one community against the other as seen in Rwanda (Burnell, Randall and Rakner, 2010: 100). One tactic that the colonisers used against their subjects was divide and rule. This involved disentangling and disintegrating the unity between the subjects so as to ensure they do not speak, act or respond in unison. Through this technique, the rulers would achieve a divided response that enabled them to enforce their regulations and command with relative ease. The same tactic, apparently, has been adopted by the commonly referred to as ‘post-colonisers’ who have used the diversity in ethnicity to their advantage. Self-gratification can best be achieved when citizens are incited against each other so that when they break into a fight, the leader’s interests are protected. Such selfish leaders would explore any division or crack in the society through which they can blackmail and sabotage just ways replacing them with deceptions and propagandas in a bid to

Comparing the Concepts of the Afterlife of Buddhism and Christianity Research Paper

Comparing the Concepts of the Afterlife of Buddhism and Christianity - Research Paper Example This article stresses that just like in Christianity, there are variations in Buddhism on the views of what occurs after death. However, Buddhists universally believe in the cycle of death and rebirth and the existence of Nirvana. In Nirvana, there is no survival of the subjective experience or existence of the individual. The desire for identity and permanence according to the Supreme Buddha (Gautama Buddha) encompasses the suffering nature of the embodied life. For Buddhists, there is no permanent essence that lives after death. There is no soul. However, emotions, physical phenomena, sensory perceptions, consciousness and responses to sensory perceptions may exist though not in the form of the immortal soul. These elements, however, are dissolved upon the attainment of Nirvana. Theravada and Mahayana are the two major schools of Buddhism. These two schools demonstrate the difference in Buddhist views of the afterlife in the reincarnation. This paper makes a conclusion that different from the teachings of Gautama Buddha, the Mahayana school of thought professes the existence of a new land. The concept of the existence of the pure land describes the existence of material decorations in the Field of Buddha (Nirvana) of jewels. The latter approach conforms to the Heaven descriptions in the Christian faith. But, the soul is the form of the body.

Human Trafficking In The United States Criminology Essay

Human Trafficking In The United States Criminology Essay In 2006, Shaun Newell was seventeen when she was deceived by a friend that she had just known for a few days. Shaun slept at that girls house somewhere in Pensacola, Florida. Shauns nightmare began after that day. She was drugged, molested, and assaulted. Sadly, she became a victim of human trafficking. She was held for only four days, but they were the most devastating days that Newell will have to live with for the rest of her life (The Jammed True Stories of Human Trafficking Blog). Cbsnews.com sources states, the U.S. government says human trafficking is one of the largest criminal industries in the world-second only to drugs-and the fastest growing (Smith). Yet many people nowadays misunderstand that they are safe and protected when they are living in the U.S. It is because the U.S. has one of the best security systems around the world. However, many people do not know about human trafficking. It is a serious crime that takes place in America. Every day, there are people who are kidnapped, abused, and raped in America. Also, they become victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking is actually a different form of slavery. According to an overview about human trafficking issues from the website acf.hhs.gov, victims of human trafficking are young children, teenagers, men, and women. Additionally, the victims are subjected to force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of sexual exploitation or forced labor. In the website UN.org, it reveals some facts: More than 2.4 million have been trafficked into forced labor worldwide. 600,000 to 800,000 are trafficked across borders each year. 12,000 children are working as slaves on cocoa plantations in West Africa. That is a big number. In addition, human trafficking takes place in almost every country around the world, more particularly in developing countries. Young women are brought for prostitution or pornography, and others are brought for labor. http://notenoughgood.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/us_human_trafficking_chart-752955.jpg A statistic points out that a number between 14,500 and 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States every year. Tracy Smith from CBS news claims that a lot of women were deceived for promised jobs, but then they were sold from $10,000 to $300,000, or they were brought for labor or prostitution. That just explains why many human traffickers bring their employees to the United States. It is because they can sell their employees for a high price that they never had at other countries. It seems that they gain more profit from doing that. In the article Okla. Women Shares Human Trafficking Story, Darrell Weaver, the agencys executive  director states, Someone told me years ago that human trafficking could be larger than drug trafficking. I didnt want to believe them. But now, its surely more troubling because of the  victims. Indeed, human trafficking has become a huge business. According to Pbs.org, the profits of human trafficking industry are estimated to be eight to ten billion dollars a year. This profit of human trafficking is increasing since there are more people who are deceived and trafficked. This is a good deal for a business. Getting ten billion dollars a year sounds unacceptable and strange because it is not very easy for a business to get that big number in a year. Moreover, Pbs.org strongly emphasizes, Players in this industry vary significantly in size, geographical range, and organizational structure. That means the human traffickers could be anyone, and even someone that we know. The human traff ickers could be everywhere. It seems that the human trafficking industry has so much power. It must have support. However, who supports it? There are a lot of groups and organizations that are committing this crime. Nonetheless, there are a few main organizations that have been really popular for doing this. One of them is Fuk Ching, an Asian gang that was formed in New York in 1980s. It is estimated that the organization has 35 members right now, not including the other 20 who are in the prison at the time. Even the number of the group seems not a big quantity. It has been involved in a lot of kidnapping, smuggling, etc (James O. Finckenauer, Ph.D). Furthermore, based on the article Italian Organized Crime, the FBI notes that the Italian Mafia is a really huge crime organization with approximately 25,000 members over the world. They even have several active affiliates in America with over 3,000 members. They are known for doing a lot of criminal acts, for example, weapon trades, trafficking, bombing, fraud, ga mbling, real estate, etc. Besides, they are high-profile for human trafficking as well. Based on the reports of the BBC, one in five Italian businesses was controlled by organized criminal groups in 2000 and had $900 billion in their assets. In addition, Italy is an important transit and destination country for the poor in Eastern Europe and the affluent West, particularly for migrants from Albania. Italian gangs cooperated with Albanian gangs to smuggle women and girls for prostitution. According to PBS, it states that this is a good road for crime business for countries such as Italy, France, and Germany. It also adds that Albanian Gangs are extremely violent and well-armed. Kidnapping young girls and bringing them to prostitution are their jobs. Out of many organizations, this is just three sample organizations that are involved in the Human Trafficking all over the globe. Nevertheless, there are still other human-trafficking organizations. Japanese Yakuza, The Chinese Snakeheads, The Russian Mafia, Thai Lans Jao Pho and Red Wa, Taiwanese group Heijin, Hong Kongs Triads, and so on are a few examples (L L Keene). Each of them has their own methods of doing human-trafficking business, and they always modify better and different ways every time they work. Abcnews.go.com shares a story of a fifteen-year-old named Debbie. She was a victim of human trafficking, and it changed her life forever. One evening in September, one of her friends named Blanca kidnapped Debbie. Blanca and two men took her into an apartment and started threatening her. Debbie was scared and fainted when one of the guys pointed a gun to her head. After she woke up, the captors raped her. Though, it was not the worst. For over 40 days, Debbie was forced to have sex with at least 50 men in different places every night. Debbie was put into a kennel, and that was her bed every day and night when she was not serving any customers. Debbie was afraid if she escaped, they would go after her family and kill them. Hence, she decided to stay. Police failed to find her in the apartment that she was held captive the first time they searched because she was put into a drawer under the bed and was too scared to scream. However, the police found Debbie in the same apartment the sec ond time. After the tragic event, Debbies family moved to another place. Debbies story was tremendously terrifying, yet this is just one of over thousand stories that could be easily found on the internet. How about the stories of people who were kidnapped and trafficked to be sex slaves or labor slaves? And their stories were never exposed to the public for some reasons which are horrible? Debbie was lucky that she was eventually rescued, but how about other people who had situations like Debbie? They never came back to their family or their loved ones. They may have died or may continue to suffer now. Human trafficking is harmful and horrific, yet not many people know its potential danger until they experience it. It is harmful because it damages victims physically. Based on the research of PecanGroup, Alexis Aronowitz writes, The use of sexual protection is negligible in this industry, leaving the exploited at a high risk of contracting various sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS that they further pass on to the men and their partners. That means the victims of human trafficking are forced to have sex with other men without using any protection. And that means they may have a high chance to get HIV/AIDS. That is so horrible. The author also addresses that the victims are forced to take drugs and have poor living conditions. They eat meals with lack of nutritious food that causes malnourishment and they are not given any medical aid or pills when they have various diseases (PecanGroup/ Alexis Aronowitz). Moreover, it is horrible because it damages victims psychologically, m ore particularly children. The children suffer from lack of self-esteem, emotional disturbance, disorientation, and depression and are scarred for life, the U.S. Department of State claims. Moreover, it also addresses that the children develop deep psychological disorders that they struggle with the rest of their lives even if they have been rescued. Of course, the U.S. Department of State believes that the rates of suicide of the children are very high. It does not matter how much medicine they take, or how many times per week they see therapists, or even how much their families are willing to help them. What happened to them will always come back and haunt them. Although the victims may escape from the human traffickers, they may live a life of fear. Law enforcement has difficulty dealing with human trafficking because of the embarrassment and fear of the victims, language barriers, or maybe sophisticated traffickers. However, law enforcement agencies ignore these challenges to bring human traffickers to justice. The FBI is an example. According to Fbi.gov: The FBI has stepped up its efforts to disrupt human trafficking operations worldwide and to free its victims. These efforts are focused on combating the exploitation of individuals who work in labor industries, such as agriculture and domestic service, and who are forced into prostitution and slave labor. This clearly shows that the government really takes this crime seriously and demonstrates that they care about the safety of their people. The FBI initiatives started in 2004, and has been co-operating with local police department, agencies, and other human trafficking victim advocacy organizations together to fight for this crime. So far, they have investigated almost 100 cases, and have solved most of them. The FBI infinitives goal for the future is that they will plan ahead future plan for the possible cases. In the meantime, they will connect to the residents and the community to get more information about this type crime so that the residents and the community groups will be more aware of it. While FBI is doing their jobs, good news comes out. President Obama decides to get involved in this issue since the human trafficking has become a bigger issue. In the article Obama Steps to Fight Human Trafficking, the author Ken Thomas and Matthew Daly writes that the White House orders prohibitions against human trafficking for federal contracts and subcontracts, including large oversea contracts. The author also notes the administration will provide more training for federal prosecutors, law enforcement officials, immigration judges and others to combat human trafficking. Human trafficking is a serious problem that the White House has stepped in. It is good news to hear because it shows how the Government cares for us. They do not ignore what is happening. And it gives a new hope for us and the victims of human trafficking. I think that the Government is trying as best as they could to help people. However, human trafficking is still happening. The only possible answer that I could come up with is maybe people who commit this crime always create different methods every time they act. It will be different than previous methods. The process will be cleverer, trickier, and more sophisticated. In addition, it has driven the police insane to figure out their agenda and how to solve it as well. Everybody has a responsibility. Every nation can take action, Obama spoke at Clinton Global Initiative (Rubenfeld, Samuel). I think that community is the powerful solution. That means we, the residents, should not always lean on the Government all the time. In a research Human Trafficking and Florida Law Enforcement, the author Sonide Simon writes, a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tac tics and police-community partnership. I think that we have to be careful, especially those who have kids. Parents should never allow their children go out at night. Teenagers should be warned about this issue. Educators should remind their students about this kind of crime as well as the methods to stay away from it. Furthermore, in each neighborhood, the residents should have meetings to discuss the safety of the area. Hence, neighborhood watches can be formed. As a result, I think it will be hard for human traffickers to commit their crimes. And there are other many ways that we could do to prevent kidnapping. The thing is that we have to step up and do it. In addition, building more websites about the harms of human trafficking is another solution. There are many websites on the internet. The website of U.S. Department of State (http://www.state.gov/j/tip/) is an example. The website updates the news or tips that the Government is doing to fight against human trafficking. Another example is the website humantrafficking.org. It was also built to combat human trafficking. This website is different from the previous website. It connects with many different countries like Australia, Vietnam, United States, etc. It is like a big alliance to fight against the human trafficking in the world. It mentions the plans of each government in different country do. It is a good idea for students like me to know more what the Government is doing to stop a serious crime-human trafficking. Because it is a website, it can rapidly disseminate the information to other people living in the world. That means I can share with other people, and they may share w ith others, too. As a result, many people will have a background of knowledge and awareness of this issue to teach their kids or to find better ways to prevent human traffickers. In conclusion, human trafficking is a serious crime because it is a different form of slavery. More and more people are trafficked every year. The victims are forced into heavy labors, prostitution, etc. In addition, criminal organizations are making good profit from human trafficking. Furthermore, human trafficking damages victims physically and psychologically, leaving them a chance to get HIV and fearful lives. Knowing the serious issue, the government has involved in combating human trafficking. Additionally, residents can also join the government to help fighting against human trafficking. The U.S. and international community need to step up efforts to help more than 20 million victims of human trafficking around the globe, Obama spoke at the Clinton Global Initiative (Ken Thomas and Matthew Daly). This is time for us to think of the human rights. We are human and we do not accept any slavery in this country or even the globe. We must fight against this crime. This is time for u s to wake up. We have to team up, step in, and do it. As a result, we can help reduce or wipe out human trafficking on this planet.

Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England :: European Europe History

Childhood Mortality in Nineteenth-Century England The issue of childhood mortality is written into the works of Gaskell and Dickens with alarming regularity. In Mary Barton, Alice tells Mary and Margaret that before Will was orphaned, his family had buried his six siblings. There is also the death of the Wilson twins, as well as Tom Barton's early death --an event which inspires his father John to fight for labor rights because he's certain his son would have survived if he'd had better food. In Oliver Twist, Dick's early death is typical of workhouse children who never recover from years of chronic malnutrition. And in Dombey and Son, Paul demonstrates that wealth does not guarantee longevity, as we watch him steadily weakened by some mysterious illness. Evidence is everywhere that Gaskell, Dickens, and many of their contemporaries, used fiction to chronicle a sad fact of l9th century life: Many children didn't live to become adults. At the Newell Historical Burial ground in Attleboro, the stone marking the graves of the Stanley family indicates that three children were either stillborn or died before their first birthdays. If there were any other children who survived childhood, they were probably daughters who were buried in their husbands' family plots. A typical grave from the mid-19th century is a husband's stone flanked by two or even three wives each but the last having died in her 20s or 30s. Certainly many of these women died in childbirth, because their death dates match the birth dates on the children's stones. Several children might be named after the father. In one family plot with eight children, three were named John because only the third one survived the first year. ApE time when the death of a toddler was as normal as this practice was quite common in both America and England. While all of Dombey's money couldn't save his son from dying, little Paul's diet, lifestyle, and medical attention gave him every advantage available. The relationship between poverty and childhood mortality is unmistakable. In Boston's Irish Catholic slums, Lemuel Shattuck found that between 1841 and 1845, 61% of the population died before the age of five. (Woodham-Smith, p. 252) Poor English children didn't fare any particularly in the manufacturing towns of London, Sheffield, Leocester, Manchester, and Liverpool. Statistics from the Sheffield General Infirmary' between 1837 and 1842 reveal that of 11,944 deaths, half were children under age five:

Develop positive relationships Essay

You Assessor will observe these Standards in your place of work. Why is having a positive relationship with children and young people important 1.1 Working with children requires us to build relationships with them quickly, but also in ways that are professional. Building and maintaining positive relationships- the quality of relationships that we have with children and young people has a huge effect on the way in which we can work with them. Positive relationships with children and young people is important because when children feel comfortable with us they can separate more easily from their parents, children are more likely to participate in the play and learning activities if they are secure emotionally, when children have strong relationships, they are less likely to show unwanted behaviour as we can recognise and meet their needs, childrens language develops more quickly because they feel comfortable talking to us, practitioners can plan more accurately as they understand childrens development needs and know their interests, practitioners are able to respond to children more effectively because they can recognise thei r expressions and emotions. Explain how you build and maintain positive relationships with children and young people 1.1 Communicating effectively- one of the most important aspects of building a relationship is to find ways of communicating effectively. Communication is not just about words it is also about our facial expressions, body language and gestures. Identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements- groups of children, like adults will have disagreements. As children become older these can become more serious and are not simply squabbles. In order for children and young people to trust us, it is important that we can identify difficulties and help them wherever possible to find ways through them. It is important that children and young people perceive our way of doing this as fair. Being consistent and fair- children and young people rely on us. This means that it is essential day after day we are consistent. Consistency means not just keeping behavioural boundaries in place, but also making sure that we do not have significant mood swings, for example, one day been excitable and fu nny and the next being quiet and withdrawn. Children also need to know that we will be fair with them. We will listen to what they have to say before jumping to conclusions and we will try to make sure that their needs are taking into consideration. Fairness is also  something that adults need as well. Parents will want to see that the way their family is being treated is comparable with others, while staff members need to feel that their work place is a fair one where everyone is expected to pull their weight. Showing respect and courtesy- children and young people will need to receive respect and courtesy from us in order that they can extend these skills to others. From the earliest age we should be using markers of respect in English such as saying please and thank you. We should always speak to children and young people using voice tones that are warm and courteous. Principles of relationship building . communicating effectively . identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements . being consistent and fair . showing respect and courtesy . valuing and respecting individuals . keeping promises and honouring commitments . monitoring impact of own behaviour on others . keeping confidentiality as appropriate . recognisi ng and responding appropriately to the power base underpinning relationships Babies for instance, they need comfort and bonding time with their key person. Spending time with a baby not only playing, but simple gestures as cuddling, rocking, soothing and singing. Also, when you are changing their nappy or feeding them. This time is precious as you have direct contact with the child. You can talk and show affection by making faces, by touch and laughing. It is important to give them eye contact. This time is sometimes more important than planned activities. Toddlers also need the same comfort of cuddles and taking time to just talk to them and again give them eye contact and special moments that make them feel individual which can be sometimes lost in a setting with more than one child. It is important to be consistent with routines and discipline so that a child can feel safe and secure. Also, to keep promises. If a child is promised that tomorrow or later that day we can read a special book that they have bought with them, then we must do so. Explain why it is important to have a positive relationship with the people involved in the care of children and young people 2.1 The professional and positive relationships we develop will ensure that good communication is possible in order to support the needs of children and their families. Where we do not have strong relationships, there is a danger that information may be passed inaccurately or that it is withheld because we may not be not trusted. This Has to be taken seriously as, over the past few year, some child deaths  have occurred because people caring for children have not worked properly together where parents are concerned, it is essential that we build positive relationships so that we can work closely together to benefit there child in a variety of ways. This should include settling the child in, sharing development information and also learning about childrens interests. Benefits of positive relationships .information can be shared quickly between adults .children are given consistent care .childrens interests and needs are identify .plans for childrens care and education are more effective . childrens welfare can be properly monitored . skills and ideas can be shared Evaluate your strengths and effectiveness with building relationships with children and young people. 1.3 The great thing about children and young people is they are all different. This means that we need to adapt the way in which we approach and communicate with them according to their age/stage of development needs and personality. Not so long ago some adults working with two children of exactly the same age would have expected them to respond in similar ways, and a child who did not respond as the adult expected might have been seen as shy, sullen or even difficult. Today it is appreciated that it is more appropriate for the adults to change the way in which they work, rather than condemn the child. An important starting point is therefor to consider how effective our relationships with children and young people are. Interestingly some tell-tale indicators of the strength of our relationships with children and young people can be seen through some everyday activities.

QVC Vision Statement

External forces of competition affect all companies and the television shopping industry is no different. There are many forces than can be grouped into a few categories: economic, socio-cultural, technological, and political-legal. These forces have had a major impact on the television shopping industry. QVC’s ability to understand their environment and adapt have helped them achieve success. Under economic forces, competition is a major component. The barrier for entry is low, so there is always the threat of new businesses.Substitute products also directly compete with QVC’s products and customer dollars. Other potent forces are changes in the supply chain. QVC must constantly be on the lookout for new products, while maintaining good relations and contracts with existing suppliers. The rate of growth of the economy will affect consumer spending which directly relates to QVC’s goods sold. Inflation is always relevant and can cut into a company’s bottom line. Socio-cultural forces are extremely important to QVC and the television shopping industry.Consumer preference and trends are vital to a company trying to meet the needs of its customers. QVC has adapted to recent trends by promoting its cosmetics, apparel, food, and toys heavily. QVC also has to consider what will attract customers to their channel. They incorporated the reality T. V. craze into their programming and it helped attract viewers and customers. QVC’s in-show appearance of designers has capitalized on designer’s current popularity.Other forces like growing health consciousness, and changing household composition, will be important factors for QVC as they try to understand their customers and improve their shopping experience. Technological forces are important to the television shopping industry for many reasons. In the internal environment, new technology can help improve infrastructure, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. The consumer’s con venience of purchase is crucial to people who shop off of their couches. Harnessing new technology will also help QVC stay in touch with the customer.With the evolution of mobile browsing, social media, and other media outlets, these forces represent a large opportunity to communicate with customers. Technological forces are also important to the shopping industry because firms will look to stay up-to-date on the latest products. If QVC can identify the next iPod-like product then they will reap the benefits of a massive consumer response. Finally, political-legal forces represent laws and regulations to the television shopping industry.There will always be laws and regulations in place that affect the manner in which a company does business. From QVC’s standpoint, they might need to follow certain protocol when describing payment options, or product specifications. Industry regulations are generally in position to protect the customer, which aligns well with QVC’s no hidden fees policy. QVC’s honesty with their customers will bolster their reputation and help them operate well within the guidelines set by the government.