Software Systems Fundamental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Programming Systems Fundamental - Essay Example This report will examine some product advancement issues which can cause by and large programming improvement disappointment. Reason for SOFTWARE FAILURE According to May (2000), the dominant part programming ventures flop incompletely or absolutely because of programming incapable to meet every settled necessity, cost and time overwhelm or less compelling task the executives. These prerequisites could incorporate calendar, cost, targets or quality related (May, 2000). This area plots the causes and factors of programming advancement disappointment: Poor User Requirements The procedure of programming improvement disappointment begins when a client expresses the framework improvement necessities in a less successful manner. Along these lines the framework created based on such defective framework necessities become a debacle. In this situation, the powerlessness to express the client prerequisites can be because of absence of programming working information, poor comprehension of prog ramming working or less viable business process data. In any case, mismarks in necessities recording should be possible on the two sides at customer side or at engineer side (May, 2000) and (Kaur and Sengupta, 2011). ... In addition, the absence of successful undertaking quality administration plan can cause less viable venture quality that lead to extend disappointment (May, 2000) and (Kaur and Sengupta, 2011). Disappointment of Cost and Schedule Estimation Another significant explanation of programming advancement disappointment is the less compelling expense and time estimation. Furthermore, powerful expense and time estimations are significant for the effective programming improvement. In any case, it relies upon the venture director and group pioneer to gauge and make sense of significant undertaking elements to all the more likely evaluate the task time and cost perspectives. In addition, if the time and cost of programming improvement venture invades, it will morose lead to by and large disappointment of task (May, 2000) and (Kaur and Sengupta, 2011). Group Size Estimation of group size is significant in programming improvement venture. Essentially there are 3 fundamental kinds of group little , medium and huge. Be that as it may, group determination is totally founded on the task size on the off chance that the undertaking size is little, at that point administrators clearly take the little group and if there should be an occurrence of huge venture they can choose the huge or medium group. In addition, the determination of group size relies upon venture pioneers or supervisors how effectively they can see the extend and build up an even undertaking group. Moreover, a ton of programming improvement ventures bomb because of less powerful group size that can prompt some of broad issues with respect to successful undertaking the executives. This can likewise prompt enhancing the task cost and harming venture execution (Kaur and Sengupta, 2011). Human Resource Skills Effective and efficient group for a product improvement is extremely basic. Seeing that in programming advancement a successful group for

Business of Law

Question: Depict about the Australian Consumer Law. Answer: Presentation Australian Consumer Law gives uniform assurance to all buyers just as to the private ventures in all segments and purview. Australian Consumer Law sets out the standards and the norms that a business venture needs to watch while doing their business exchange with the shoppers. It restricts out of line exchange rehearses regard of independent company just as the buyers. The Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Bill 2015 revised the Australian Consumer Law and was listed in Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010[1] and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001. The essential target of this Bill was to secure the enthusiasm of the independent venture from unjustifiable exchange contracts and by defending its haggling power in the market. Conversation In Australia, shoppers are given satisfactory assurance from unjustifiable exchange rehearses since 2010 while, insurance towards the private company were very acknowledged recently by the legislature. A private company alludes to the association that utilizes under twenty workers or has not exactly endorsed edge for a multi-year agreement of $100,000 0r $250,000[2]. The legislature chose the exchange esteem edge of the private venture after meeting with various partners. The design was to give insurance to the private company when they take part in everyday exchange and execute with the buyers. The standards will likewise urge the independent company to lead huge agreement with due consideration and tirelessness for the central achievement of their business[3]. The ACCC assumes a noteworthy job in imparting the private company immediately and clearly. It likewise furnishes them direction while managing their individual issues. It likewise prompts them on elective contest goals forms. As ACCC has a one of a kind main focus on private company, diversifying, business contact and business affiliations, it empowers a compelling rivalry in the area of independent venture, energizes reasonable exchanging, and reinforces its situation in the free economy[4]. The strategic policies must not constrain rivalries. The private company must know about their privileges and commitments when they manage the entire dealers, different business associations, and providers. The independent companies are shielded from hostile to serious conduct and bogus or deluding claims under the Australian Consumer Law. The ACCC has secured the aggregate bartering of the private venture by offering a smoothed out procedure for the gatherings to look for approval courses of action of aggregate haggling. Hardly any such unreasonable exchange rehearses are to go into an agreement that will allow both of one gathering to end or cutoff the exhibition of the agreement or punishing the other party for the break of any arrangements or shift the details of the agreement at its own will with no dealings or exploiting the bartering intensity of the other party[5]. The court is enabled to strike down any terms of the agreement that appears to it as unjustifiable. The independent company must go into the agreement having standard structures in predictable with the new out of line contract terms laws. Any such uncalled for contract terms will be held void according to the law[6]. In any case, the private company must not go into any uncalled for exchange rehearses and should treat their customers sincerely and reasonably. They shouldn't offer restricted items to the shoppers. They should meet the necessities as vender under the Australian Consumer Law, for example, they should not take part in deceiving and tricky exchange rehearses. The business associations must not participate in unconscionable exchange rehearses especially, which are unreasonable and harsh. The High Court noticed that the point of the law was to secure the serious procedure and not ensure the enthusiasm of a specific individual. In the event that any opposition is adequately demonstrated unsafe, at that point such contenders can be eliminated[7]. It is regularly observed that independent venture turns into the casualties of abuse of market powers. They face distinctive serious issues contrasted with the enormous business houses. Along these lines, they are incorporated under the serious laws and are given assurance from cruel rivalries. As the independent venture does not have the advanced present day intends to accomplish data on the exchange laws and needs assets, they are likewise helpless as the shoppers. They too need to possibly be shielded from unreasonable exchange rehearses and unconscionable behaviors the commercial center. Hence, they are likewise ensured under the Consumer Law[8]. The little providers should be shielded from the huge grocery stores with the goal that their authentic needs are not shadowed. In the serious market, they should be shielded with the goal that the serious procedure doesn't exacerbate their condition. In ACCC v Coles[9], the Federal Court requested Coles to take care of financial punishments of $10 million for participating in unconscionable exchange practice with the providers. Coles is one of the popular grocery stores in Australia. In this way, it gives great access to the clients. Coles had requested high installments from the providers, which it shouldn't do. It likewise retained cash from them wrongfully. In this way, the undermining of Coles was affirmed to be purposeful, genuine and rehashed offense as it abused the haggling powers. The lead was not done in accordance with some basic honesty and still, small voice and was against the acknowledged standard standards of exchange. End In this way, we see that independent company being helpless and oblivious to the standard exchange rehearses must be secured in indistinguishable manners from the buyers. In this manner, they are secured under the Consumer Laws. As they have feeble bartering power contrasted with the enormous business association, they are regularly abused. The Australian Courts forces overwhelming punishments as discouragement on the individuals who misuses the independent company by actuating uncalled for exchange rehearses and drawing in deluding and beguiling exchange rehearses. ACCC goes about as a guard dog to shield the interests of the independent company reliably. They additionally give important counsel to the independent company with the goal that they can shield themselves from any abuses. Under any serious laws surveys the genuine needs of the independent company are constantly given due thought. Hence, we can say that the future private ventures are sufficiently secured and defended und er Australian Consumer Law. References ACCC,. Court Finds Coles Engaged In Unconscionable Conduct And Orders Coles Pay $10 Million Penalties. ACCC,. Little Business.Www.Accc.Gov.Au. Last adjusted 2016. Gotten to May 31, 2016. ACCC,. Uncalled for Contract Terms.Www.Accc.Gov.Au/. Last adjusted 2016. Gotten to May 31, 2016. ASIC,. Uncalled for Contract Terms Law.Asic.Gov.Au. Last adjusted 2016. Gotten to May 31, 2016. Rivalry AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 - SCHEDULE 2The Australian Consumer Law.Austlii.Edu.Au. Last adjusted 2016. Government Register Of Legislation.Www.Legislation.Gov.Au. Last adjusted 2016. Gotten to May 31, 2016. Private company AND THE COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT.Www.Accc.Gov.Au. The Conversation,. Why The Australian Consumer Law Can Help Small Business.Theconversation.Com. Treasury Portfolio Ministers.Bfb.Ministers.Treasury.Gov.Au/. Last adjusted 2016. Gotten to May 31, 2016.

Writing Effective Essays for Academic Admission

Writing Effective Essays for Academic Admission In 500 words or less, where would you like to see yourself, professionally, five years from now? the application asked.I attacked the assignment with relish. Getting into this prestigious universitys summer fellowship program was extremely important to me, and I wrote draft after draft, trying desperately to give the admissions committee exactly what it was looking for in this all-important essay. Finally, I sat down and took a good, long, critical look at each and every attempt, throwing my hands up in relative anguish. Oh, they all sounded perfectly acceptable. Some even sounded relatively eloquent. But, to me, not a one sounded…right.I began to wonder just what it was that the admissions committee was actually looking for in this essay, and I began to worry that maybe I really wasnt summer fellow material. But then, one of the high school seniors on my debate team happened to glance over my shoulder as he reached for a book Id told him he could borrow. Is that your application e ssay? he asked. Can I read it?What could I lose?Hey, he challenged, narrowing his left eye. How about just practicing what you preach?Suddenly, it was clear. I had not trusted the advice that I had been giving to high school and college students for nearly twenty years. I had written an essay that could have been written by any one of a hundred other perfectly qualified applicants. I had tried to play it safe and write something professional and intellectual instead of really taking on the challenge of examining myself to determine just what it was that I wanted out of that academic experience. As a result, none of my attempts to engage in professionally correct writing had resulted in anything that provided a reader with a picture of me.A few days later, I gave that young man another draft to read, knowing full well that it was the one that would be included in my application packet, despite the fact that it consisted of 632 words on where I did not want to see myself, professional ly, five years hence. Even though I knew I hadnt followed the instructions to the letter, I knew I had embodied their spirit. I wrote honestly about who I was at that point in my life, a tired and even somewhat frustrated teacher. I wrote simply and directly about what I really did want out of that summer programâ€"a jumpstart. And I was accepted. The lesson? Ah, yes: To thine ownself be true.Weve all been given similar advice about things like blind dates and interviews. Be yourself, weve been told by everyone from Mom to Ann Landers to ex-General Motors CEO, Lee Iacocca. And that advice holds true when it comes to writing essays for admission to academic programs.The sheer volume of material that admissions committee members must sift through on a daily basis today is staggering. When the bulk of what they are reading is carefully scripted to sound correct, it becomes extremely difficult for committee members to distinguish one candidate from another as they attempt to narrow five thousand equally qualified applicants down to a pool of five hundred.So, how can you make your essay stand out in that crowd of five thousand? Instead of trying to say something that you think committee members might want to hear, give them the information that they need in order to make clear choices. Most of the essay topics provided on applications these days ask writers to address, in one form or another, these two basic questions:Who are you?Why is this the right program for you?So, tell them who you are. Tell them what you want out of your next academic experience. Tell them why. Be honest. Be direct. Give details, scenes, moments from your own experience. And most of all, be yourself.Remember your Shakespeare: This above all, to thine ownself be true.

The United States and the International Criminal Court (ICC)

The United States and the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statement of Purpose This paper will clearly lay out the Unites States concerns with the International Criminal Court and will attempt to resolve them. I will then argue that no country has the right to be above international law, including the United States and that it is in the best interest of America and the world community for the united states to join the efforts of the ICC and sign the Rome Statute. Introduction to the ICC â€Å"In the prospect of an international criminal court lies the promise of universal justice. That is the simple and soaring hope of this vision. We are close to its realization. We will do our part to see it through till the end. We ask you...to do†¦show more content†¦Finally, in July of 1998 the international community met in Rome to finalize the draft statute, which is now referred to as the Rome Statute of the ICC. The primary goals of the International Criminal Court are to achieve justice for all, to end impunity, to help end conflicts, to remedy the deficiencies of ad hoc tribunals, to take over when national criminal justice institutions are unwilling or unable to act, and to deter future war criminals. â€Å"For nearly half a century – almost as long as the United Nations has been in existence – the General Assembly has recognized the need to establish such a court to prosecute and punish persons responsible for crimes such as genocide. Many thought†¦ that the horrors of the Second World War – the camps, the cruelty, the exterminations, the Holocaust – could never happen again. And yet they have. In Cambodia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Rwanda. Our time – this decade even – has shown us that man’s capacity for evil knows no limits. Genocide†¦ is now a word of our time, too, a heinous reality that calls for a historic response. Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General Overview of the United States Position IsShow MoreRelatedEssay about The United States and The International Criminal Court1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe International Criminal Court (ICC), created in 1998 (Thayer and Ibryamova 2010), is responsible for investigating and prosecuting the most extreme cases, including crimes against humanity, aggressive crimes, war crimes, and genocide. The credibility of this institution, however, has been compromised due to the United States revocation of support and membership. Initially it is important to recognize the arguments against the United States becoming a member state of the ICC and what precipitatedRead MoreThe International Criminal Court Of The United States1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Criminal Court try to not to have history repeat itself The International Criminal Court also known as the (ICC) are a group of judges who investigates and prosecutes individuals that are guilty of crimes such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity and only intervenes when a state cannot intervene or is unwilling to intervene or is an international concern (Understanding the International Criminal Court). Many inhumane corruptions were committed in the past such asRead MoreRough Justice : Battle For Fix The World, One Prosecution At A Time By David Bosco1134 Words   |  5 Pagesthe establishment of the international court and how years after its formation the powerful nations do not cooperate with it. Powerful nations such as the United States and Russia do not support the activities of International Criminal Court (ICC) and thus leaving its mandate to the poor African Nations. The book was chosen because it touches on one of the subjects of international law. The ICC is part of United Nations that deals with the violators of the international law: it helps to provide anRead MoreAfrican Countries Case Study719 Words   |  3 Pagesused of court cases that all of them involve African Nations. The ICC has been criticized for focusing solely on African countries (Cruvellier). Until 2016, the ICC was only seriously investigating crimes committed in African nations (Cruvellier). The ICC claims this is because, in their mandate, it states they must investigate the â€Å"gravest† of crimes, however, surely not all of the worst crimes are committed in African nations (International Criminal Court). Since the time that the ICC was foundedRead MoreInternational Criminal Court Unfair Towards African Nations Vis A Vis Western Nations? Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIs the International Criminal Court unfair towards African Nations vis-à  -vis Western Nations? On October 12, 2016, the parliament of Burundi, a country located in the Eastern part of Africa voted to withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC) with a vote of 94 to 2. Weeks earlier, Gambia and South Africa announced their intention to withdraw from the ICC, and this wave of action by these three African nations has paved the way for other African nations to reassess if they wanted to stillRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1730 Words   |  7 Pages A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the law of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of war crimes include intentionally killing civilians or prisoners, torture, destroying civilian property, taking hostages, perfidy, rape, soldiers, pillaging, declaring that no quarter will be given, and using weapons that cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering. The concept of war crimes began to emerge during the end of the 19th century andRead MoreWhat Is The Role Of The UNC?828 Words   |  4 Pagesobligations on all member states of the Charter, regardless of their status as members of the ICC. (Aloisi, 151). The UNSC has the power to force their members to cooperate with their decisions. Since the UNSC refers cases to the ICC, the ICC should be a body within the UNSC instead of its own organization. â€Å"Although not directly engaged in the creation of the permanent International Criminal Court, the Rome Statute gives the Security Council the authority to refer â€Å"situations† to the Court, thereby enablingRead MoreThe International Criminal Court Is Governed By The Rome Statute1175 Words   |  5 Pages The International Criminal Court, also commonly known by its acronym ICC, is governed by the Rome Statute, which provides the legal basis for a permanent ICC. This court is independently responsible for trying individual’s accused of what they consider to be the gravest crimes to international concern. It considers four types of crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression and war crimes. Although anyone can bring a case to the ICC, this court acts as a final resort for whenRead MoreEssay On International Criminal Court744 Words   |  3 Pagesnumerous reforms in the International Criminal Court that needs to bà © established to the national justice system in order to uphold the same aims of International law. The International Criminal court needs to increase its universality of the scope of the court, although the icc statute has been ratified by many states, efforts to reinforce its universality must be strengthened, such as the United states, Russ ia and China, this complicates, if not makes it impossible, for the court to exercise its jurisdictionRead MoreArticle 86 Of The Rome Statute795 Words   |  4 Pagesto the ICC as stated in article 89 of the Rome statute. Arrest warrants are issued by judges upon request by the prosecutor of the ICC.Only after the verification of evidence that confirms reasonable grounds to believe the person sought committed the given crime under the jurisdiction of the court .Arrest warrants are not issued when suspect as voluntary appears in court .Article 86 of the Rome statute requires the member states to the Rome statute to cooperate with the court. On 14 October 2011

Regime, Regimen, and Regiment Choosing the Right Word

Dont be confused by older senses of the words regime, regimen, and regiment. In present-day English, these words  have fairly distinct meanings. How to Use Regime The noun regime (pronounced ruh-zheem and occasionally spelled with an accent, rà ©gime) primarily refers to a form of government or a period of time that a person or governing body is in power. (In contemporary usage, regime commonly carries a negative connotation.) Far less often, regime is used as a synonym for regimen. How to Use Regimen The noun regimen (pronounced redge-uh-men) primarily refers to a systematic plan, in particular a regulated system of diet and exercise or a prescribed course of medical treatment. Far less often, regimen is used as a synonym for regime (a form of government), a usage that most dictionaries identify as rare or archaic. How to Use Regiment The noun regiment (pronounced redge-uh-ment) primarily refers to a military unit or any large group of people. (Though regiment was once regarded as a synonym for regime, most dictionaries identify that usage as archaic or obsolete.) As a verb, regiment means to organize a group of people in a systematic or oppressive manner. In addition, see the usage notes below. Examples Castros death was felt especially keenly in Latin America, where his success in overthrowing a military  regime  inspired leftist activists in other countries. Celebration, Sorrow and Slights Greet News of Castros Death. The New York Times, November 26, 2016 Stomach troubles meant that our diets would change: we would be put on a strict regimen of rice congee (or porridge), sometimes with a tiny pickled turnip, until our stomachs were better. Nancy N. Chen, Food, Medicine, and the Quest for Good Health, 2009 For a soldier to plot against his own government during a time of war might be acceptable if the regime was evil enough; but for a soldier to plot against his own regiment would simply be treachery, and the man would be thought of as a traitor. Michael Gelven, War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry, 1994 [W]e allow the clock to regiment our daily lives. People did not always let the clock determine the pace of daily life. Robert J. Brym and John Lie, Sociology: Your Compass for a New World, 2010 [President Lincoln] drafted a memorandum of military policy that called for the discharge of those ninety-day regiments that did not wish to re-enlist, the reorganization of the rest of the army, and a constant regimen of drill to ensure they would be properly trained before their next battle. William C. Davis, Lincolns Men, 1999 Usage Notes The word regime is a synonym for political system: a democratic regime, an authoritarian regime. It also may mean the period in which a person or system was in power, often with a negative connotation: Gadhafis regime, the Nazi regime. The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law: 2013, ed. by Darrell Christian, Sally Jacobsen, and David Minthorn. Basic Books, 2013 A medical regimen is a set of rules or guidelines imposed upon a client to secure his or her well-being. . . . Regimen also, of course, has the somewhat antiquated meaning of government and is the root of regime and regiment. Bryan S. Turner, Piety, Prolongevity and Perpetuity: The Consequences of Living Forever. Medicine, Religion, and the Body, 2010 Practice (a) Dedicated Puritans maintained a daily _____ of reading the Bible and devotional books and engaging in private meditation, self-examination, and prayer upon rising and before retiring.(Keith Krawczynski, Daily Life in the Colonial City, 2013) (b) [T]he ultimate justification of the war was a moral imperative to save millions of innocent men and women from a cruel, murderous, evil _____.(Theodore S. Hamerow, Why We Watched, 2008) (c) Looking out, I saw a _____ of boys of a tender age, in a uniform of brown linen, with little light muskets on their shoulders, and miniature knapsacks on their backs, completely equipped and furnished for war.(William Cullen Bryant, Letters of a Traveller, 1850) (d) I’m not sure my grooming _____ really counts as a _____: it takes six minutes, and the hottest product I own is a Lynx Africa gift set left over from Christmas.(Alfie Packham, Five Grooming Gadgets for the Modern Man. The Guardian, August 21, 2016) Answers (a) Dedicated Puritans maintained a daily regimen of reading the Bible and devotional books and engaging in private meditation, self-examination, and prayer upon rising and before retiring.(Keith Krawczynski, Daily Life in the Colonial City, 2013) (b) [T]he ultimate justification of the war was a moral imperative to save millions of innocent men and women from a cruel, murderous, evil regime.(Theodore Hamerow, Why We Watched, 2008) (c) Looking out, I saw a regiment of boys of a tender age, in a uniform of brown linen, with little light muskets on their shoulders, and miniature knapsacks on their backs, completely equipped and furnished for war.(William Cullen Bryant, Letters of a Traveller, 1850) (d) I’m not sure my grooming regimen really counts as a regimen: it takes six minutes, and the hottest product I own is a Lynx Africa gift set left over from Christmas.(Alfie Packham, Five Grooming Gadgets for the Modern Man.  The Guardian, August 21, 2016)

Analog to Digital Comparison Free Essays

Analog to Digital When the conversion takes place between analog and digital it becomes the base of all communication technologies. Just about all hardware uses digital so it is very important to convert analog signals into digital to perform support for hardware applications. All hardware devices are aimed to be digital. We will write a custom essay sample on Analog to Digital Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, devices in the future will not need conversion because they will already be digital. There are many examples of analog to digital like a scan picture. The analog information provided by the light present in the picture is converted to digital signal to complete the process. The digital conversion use the means of binary coding for data transmission and output. The digital signals work only by using only two numbers known as one and zero (Analog to Digital). When users convert the signal to digital it allows plenty of data to be stored on a single device. This help save bandwidths and space. There are seven ways that signals are structured; direct conversion, ramp compare, successive approximation, delta encoded, pipeline, time stretch, and sigma delta. When the hardware uses one of those signals the destination hardware will find the best data encryption and utilization. The most common analog to digital conversion are the digital TVs, cameras, and other video captures. The newer microcontrollers’ technologies are used to convert analog to digital by reducing the size of the chip to get a better signal. Frequency Modulation The advantages and disadvantages of frequency, and frequency modulation vary from one application to the next. However, the frequency modulation choice depends on the applications, and system requirements. Knowing the type of system as well as the requirement will help the technician choose the correct form or type frequency modulation to generate to get the required output for use. Comparing, and contrasting Amplitude Modulation (AM) to other forms of modulation frequencies an individual will find that (AM) frequency is relatively inexpensive, minimum circuitry required for connection as well as the demodulation process. (AM) covers a larger area when compared to (FM) greatly with the aid of atmospheric conditions. A disadvantage of (AM) includes a limited amount of bandwidth where-as the bandwidth needs to be double the strength of the highest frequency, noise mixes easily at higher frequencies, and only one side of the frequency carries the signal where-as the other side has a loss of power. Applications that normally use (AM) include radio transmission news, weather, music, aircraft communication to the aircraft tower in a very high frequency (VHF) form, and walkie-talkies for two-way communication. Frequency Modulation (FM) advantages include a stronger signal than (AM), noise control with the aid of increasing or decreasing the deviation, constant power output with no loss. The disadvantage includes cost, the demodulation process that may require knowledge of complicated circuitry. The application for (FM) includes radio communication, and some analog applications. Phase Modulation (PM), which is analog version phase shift keying. The advantages include includes modulation to demodulation made easier when compared to (FM). (PM) is also used to determine speed or velocity. A disadvantage of (PM) will include the displacement of the original signal of more than 180 degrees will cause phase ambiguity. Applications for (PM) include boat radio communications, radio, music, and news communications. When an individual uses his or her wireless Ethernet (802. 11b) he or she does not care as to how the signal is generated just as long as it works. Modulation Techniques Modulation is the method used to transmit and receive signals from a carrier. Different types of equipment make it possible for the signals to be used. Each piece of equipment uses different techniques but is essence offers the same results. The three most common methods by which signals are transmitted are 56K modem, asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL), and Wireless Fidelity also known as Wi-Fi. Throughout the growth of the Internet, each of these processes has proven themselves to be effective ways to transmit digital signals. However, the 56K modem has become somewhat obsolete with the emergence of Wi-Fi. The signal modulation that the 56K modem receives is provided by the telephone network. When there is no interference or problems with the network’s connection, a 56K modem has a maximum speed of 64K but will rarely come close to achieving this because of typical issues with the network. The modulation takes place by converting the digital signal that the Internet Service Provider (ISP) transmits into an analog signal that the telephone company can use. The individual uses a modem to convert the analog signal received from the telephone company back to a digital signal. After the access to the Internet became more demanding, this process proved to be too time-consuming and ADSL emerged. ADSL uses two opposing modulation techniques that rely on Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). QAM uses a process to conserve bandwidth that was widely used by earlier modems. The first modulation technique used is the Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) that was developed by ATT. The carrier retains no information because it is suppressed before transmission and unsuppressed after it reaches its destination. This process offer two advantages for its users, a less expensive and more flexible way of modulation and demodulation. The other modulation technique is the Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT). The DMT has been selected as the standard for ADSL. This method is a bit more complex because of the way that it separates the bandwidth into 256 channels. Each of these sub-channels uses about 4. 3125 kHz of bandwidth using the QAM process. It also uses more low frequency channels to minimize the noise interference present during high frequency transmissions. It also uses method like Discrete Wavelet Multi-Tone to maximize the separation between the channels to assist in minimizing interference. The final modulation technique is the Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi uses two radio transmission methods for modulation. The 802. 11b uses the process complementary coded keying (CCK) at around 11Mbps to process the signal with special codes and modulate it using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) (â€Å"Tutorialspoint†, 2013). The other is the 802. 1a and g type that use a 64 channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) that divides the available radio band into sub-channels to send bits on each (â€Å"Tutorialspoint†, 2013). By using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), QPSK, or one of the QAM variants, the transmitter can encode the streams of bits carried on the 64 sub-channels. The receiver only uses the informa tion that it needs to construct the information and disregard the redundant information. Sonnet SONET, or synchronous optical network (Gilmer, 2003) was designed in the 1980’s due to the break-up of ATT. The current technology was overwhelmed by the sheer number of new telephone companies around the country. SONET was designed to deliver T-1 and T-3 speeds for data transfers. The SONET frame is designed as an 810-byte setup utilizing nine rows of 90 bits. The remaining bits are left out of the rows to perform separate tasks for each section. SONET is still used today as a means of telecommunication as it has a superior amount of flexibility over cables, such as those utilized by Ethernet that can be only stretched a fraction of the distance achieved by fiber optic cable. Where Ethernet maxes out at 348 feet, fiber optic cable is used at distances over a mile long, a drastic difference in usability. Conclusion It is apparent that as the popularity of the Internet increases, the technology must increase as well to meet the demands. The different conversion method used today for analog to digital has made it easier for users than in the past. The modulation techniques have improved making it possible to transmit information faster and less expensive for users. Finally, the SONET technology has propelled the industry even further with its increased range and flexibility. References Analog to Digital. (2013 April). Retrieved from http://www. wifinotes. com/computer-hardware-components Gilmer, B. (2003). Sonet. Broadcast Engineering, 45(7), 24-24. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/204171727? accountid=35812 Goleniewski, L. (2007). Telecommunications Essentials (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. Analog to Digital. (2013 april). Retrieved from http://www. wifinotes. com/computer-hardware-components Tutorialspoint. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. tutorialspoint. com/wi-fi/wifi_radio_modulation. htm How to cite Analog to Digital Comparison, Papers

Nursing Philosophy free essay sample

Nursing Philosophy, Model, and Theory Discussion Question Jennifer Gauze, Kathy Hatfield, Karen Hunt, Rina Lacombe, Jillian Morrow, Stephanie Yates Theories and Models of Nursing Practice May Thirteenth, 2013 Mary McGill Nursing Philosophy, Model, and Theory Discussion Question In this paper we are going to discuss three different theorists, Dorthea Orem, Ida Orlando, and Betty Neuman. We will discuss how their theories expand our view of the nursing process and now they fit during our workday. Dorthea Orem believed that people have the innate ability for self-care (Simmons, 2009). It is our duty as nurses to encourage, and promote self-care though patient teaching. This is critical to maximize our patient’s health. We are to make sure patients can meet their basic needs by participating in their care. Simmons, L. (2009). Dorthea orems self care theory as related to nursing practice in hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 36(4), 419-21. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/216533281? accountid=35812 Ida Jean Orlandos theory focuses on how nurses process observations and respond based on the interactions with their patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orlandos theory differentiates between automatic and deliberate action (Alligood, 2010). Orlandos theory of deliberative nursing process is important in the planning stage. Planning verses automatic action is crucial to ensure the desired outcomes in implementing care for patients. Taking time to process the observations made during the nurse-patient interaction  assists  in planning  individualized patient care based on the needs  that are identified  for that specific patient. Surrounding the core are the patient’s lines of defense which function to help maintain stability. Anything, internally or externally, can disrupt lines of defense resulting in illness, injury, or depression. As nurses, we work to repair the broken lines of defense and to strengthen and maintain existing ones while keeping the core in mind as our main focus. Neuman’s theory correlates with the nursing process. We must first assess our patients to determine broken lines of defense. We then make a plan with a goal to repair broken lines of defense and carry out our plan. Evaluation of the patient is an ongoing process. We must look at our result and determine if our interventions are effective or not. As we carry out our nursing care plan, the patient’s lines of defense should become stronger. ( Jillian ) Alligood, M. R. (2010). Nursing theory: Utilization amp; application (4th ed. ). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Retrieved from University of Phoenix University Library